Discoverability of Electronic Evidence

Lisa Buehrer Intro to Paralegal Teamwork (Team A) Discoverability of electronic evidence Identify the various types of electronic evidence, including potential sources of electronic evidence? Computer-generated or electronically recorded information such as emails, voicemails, spreadsheets, word processing documents and other data. What are the advantages of electronic evidence? Once something is entered into the computer, it is saved whether the save button is pushed or not. This is called Metadata.This consists of data that is hidden and kept on the computer like the path, creator, date created, date last accessed, etc. What are the disadvantages of electronic evidence? The biggest disadvantage to electronic evidence is that it can be tampered with or altered by an individual. Is electronic evidence discoverable in Federal Court? In State Courts? Yes What are the special requirements to be followed when dealing with electronic evidence that a part wants to use as evidence during li tigation?You need to make sure that you have obtained an exact image copy of the electronic evidence and make sure you can prove that it hasn’t been tampered with or changed from the time you obtained it. What is the final team consensus as to whether electronic evidence should be freely discoverable and admissible in litigation? I believe that electronic evidence is a must in the times that we live in as long as the chain of custody has been done. As long as the chain of custody is followed there is never going to be a question as to the validity of the evidence.

Competitive Strategies Employed by Retail Supermarkets in the Uk: a Comparative Study.

1. Proposed working title: Competitive strategies employed by Retail Supermarkets in the UK: A comparative study. 2. Research Background: This research background focuses on competitive strategies employed by retail supermarkets in the UK. This background will give a general idea as what to anticipate in the report on strategies approach of leading retail supermarkets of the UK. Retail strategy is an overall plan or the agenda of action that has to follow by the retailer to get the success in the retail supermarket competition. (Barmen, B. & Evans, J. 2006). The retail supermarkets environment has become tremendous competitive in recent years . Top supermarkets like Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrison are heavily investing in infrastructure to bring higher quality product then their rivals. Retail supermarkets industry in UK has high development in their service by using advance technology, increasing product range, speed and quality. (Harvey, 2000). (Source: BBC news, 9 March 2006) Above diagram shows the market shares occupied by top retail supermarkets and other grocery markets in the UK on 9 march 2006. According to above diagram top four retail supermarkets of the UK hold 74. 4% shares of total grocery market on 9th march 2006. Tesco is the number one retail supermarket by griping 30. 4% market shares in the UK. Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons are the main competitor of Tesco by holding 16. 6%, 16. 2 % and 11. 2% shares respectively. We can see very tough competition between retail supermarket in UK and Tesco looks more successful to overcome its competitor. Today these top retail supermarkets dominates grocery retailing in the UK. The industry construction is characterized by many attributes such as greater store size, lowering prices of goods and adopting different formats to satisfy the consumers’ expectation. (Andrew Holingworth, 2004) According to me retail supermarkets in UK are highly competitive which is good for consumers because aim of some organisations is to increase sales so they need to keep low price and in this competitive environment all organizations must be alert about changing needs of consumers and strategies of rivals. 3. Oraganisation Background: Tesco PLC: Tasco is number one retail supermarket in the UK now, which is founded by Jack Cohenin 1919. The first store-brand product sold by founder was Tesco-Tea. Tesco has spread its business all over the world of which 2,184 retail supermarkets are in the UK. Tesco’s UK supermarkets are divided into various formats differentiated by size and the range of product such as Tesco extra, Tesco superstore, Tesco metro, Tesco express and one stop where it offers fresh food and non food product like DVDs, books, clothing, health, garden furniture, electrical, home entertainment and also pharmacies. Tesco also has its other businesses like garden centres, Tesco personal finance which offers credit cards, loans, mortgages, saving accounts and insurance of car, home, life and travel. It also operates ISP, mobile phone, home phone and VoIp businesses. Tesco has its petrol pump at many places in UK. It offers lot of facilities like online shopping from its web site i. e. www. tesco. com at low price and club card scheme to its customers. (Tesco, 2008) J Sainsbury plc: J Sainsbury is UK’s longest retail supermarket chain of 509 supermarkets, 276 convenient stores and Sainsbury’s bank. It was founded by John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury in 1869. Bacon was the first own-labeled product of Sainsbury. That time it has department of dairy, bacon, hams, Poultry and games, cooked meats and fresh meats. Now it has around 30000 fresh food and non-food products. Apart from this Sainsbury also has its Sainsbury’s bank which offers car, life, home, pet and travel insurance also offers loans, credit cards and saving accounts. (J Sainsbury, 2008). J Sainsbury was the UK’s leading retail supermarkets up to mid-1990s until it was overtaken by Tesco. (EL-Amir, A. nd Burt, S. 2008) 4. Rationale for the chosen topic: It is decides to select this research proposal topic competitive strategies employed by retail supermarkets in UK. This is first time I came to UK for my study. It was the big challenge for me to adjust and understand the circumstances over here because no one from my family and relative were with me and I have to manage everything like shopping, cooking, etc myself. On the first day I have to do shopping to get some goods & services so I was thinking from where can I get cheap, qualities and varieties of it? Many people gave me different suggestions but most of them were telling me to do the shopping from Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury, and Morrison which are the famous retail supermarkets in UK where I can get lot of commodities. This motivates me a lot and on a personal note I would like to do my personal experience which drove me to choose this as my research topic. 5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Following question came in my mind during my research: ? What combination of competitive strategies makes retail supermarkets of the UK like Tesco and Sainsbury so successful? What are the impacts of strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury on retail supermarket of the UK? ? How are retail supermarkets in the UK evolving to meet changing customer needs? ? How can they stand out in a highly competitive environment where consumers have so many choices? 6. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Main objective of my research will be: ? To recognize and compare the competitive strategies employed by the Tesco and Sainsbury. ? To classify t he impact of strategies employed by the Tesco and Sainsbury on consumers and share market. ? To identify profit margin strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury. An attempt to identify which of them are most beneficial for the consumer. 7. LITERATURE REVIEW: My research is on competitive strategies employed by the retail supermarkets in the UK. The information on this topic has been published all over the books, news papers, online journals and web reports. I would like to review some of the most striking opinions given by some authors and my views on it. â€Å"We do not vary our retail offer in line with levels of local competition. We and all the other major grocery multiples have national strategies on pricing, branding, advertising, quality, range and services. Commented by Tesco (Press association, 2007) I also agree with the author’s view above. Tesco which is number one retail supermarket in the UK decides their strategies by comparing their strong rival’s strategies. Now day’s customers have lot of choice to do shopping because of the competition between retail supermarkets in the UK. Most of the people choose to do shopping on the criteria of pricing, looking at brand and quality of goods and also service provided by the retail supermarkets. I also use same criteria to do my shopping. â€Å"Tosco’s attack on Sainsbury’s southern stronghold reflected a more aggressive store opening programmer. But he also said that Sainsbury, which will this week release interim results, could begin to feel the effects of the credit crunch if consumer worries about weekly shopping bills push them into the arms of cheaper rival such as Aldi, Lidl or Asda. † Commented by Paul Langston associated director for location strategy at CACI. (Elizabeth Rigby, 2008) I completely have the same opinion with the author’s view stated above. Tesco observes strong areas of Sainsbury and opened its aggressive stores it that area to overcome its strong rival and to attracts the customers by giving better service and choice for shopping. This is also the part of the competitive strategy employed by Tesco to capture the powerful areas of competitor Sainsbury. This is period of credit crunch in the UK. It becomes extremely necessary for the people to cut redundant expenses so it is very tough time for all retail supermarkets to think about it and keep their customers constancy. According to some authors the increased competition between retail supermarkets in UK has led them to expand their product categories and extend their retail format to get profit. (Hackney, Grant, & Birtwistle, 2006). It is obvious that as competitor enhance every organization must think to raise their sales and consumers loyalty by using different strategies if all are in homogeneous business. Many supermarkets offers consumer to do online shopping at low prices. This is also part of strategies of the retail supermarkets to stick consumer with them. And authors view is that Tesco is the more successful retail supermarket which gets huge profit by implementing internet strategy. Such a way every retailer try to act in accordance with their consumer by using new technology , reducing ransaction cost or extending their business to different formats. 8. METHODOLOGY: My research topic on competitive strategies employed by the retail supermarkets in UK is an always on going topic. Retail supermarkets have to decide their strategies depending on the market situation and studying their rivals’ strategies. In my proposed research I have to identify strategies of Tesco, Sainsbury and it impact. It c an be recognized by understanding, observing and in-depth study of each retail supermarket. Hence this proposed research is descriptive in nature. This will give clear thought and understanding. Descriptive research means the research which serves a variety of research objective to understand its phenomena or characteristics connected with it. For further in-depth study and to participate in the observation and to know what is happening I have chosen this method. (Donald, R. & Pamela, S. 2006). 8. 1. DATA COLLECTION: In this proposed is always ongoing topic and lot of articles and information published everyday in news papers, magazines, journals and books and research of other authors which can be collected from library and internet. The information about Tesco and Sainsbury can be collected from their own web side. It will give lots of analysis of other authors, writers and researcher . I will get lot of option to understand and obtain objective of my topic. (Kothari, C. 2005) 8. 2. DATA ANALYSIS: Most of the data will be analyse predominantly from the internet. My personal observation, understanding and input will be integrated. The data will be gathered by the supermarket as part of internal organizational project relating paper and internet. The data analysis will be based on the performance of two retail supermarkets over the past years. Time series analysis will be use to get the objective of research. Quantitative data will be supplement with qualitative data obtain from all possible sources. (Kothari, C. 2005) 8. 3. RESOURCE REQUIREMENT: All the resources will be available from internet and the review of literature will be obtained from college’s library and private library. Internet is the most genuine source which is easily available today where I can search out e-books, Journal published by other authors and also information about Tesco and Sainsbury on their own web site which can save my time and cost of research. Updates of newspapers, Journals, articles, others research reports are also available on the internet. 9. TIME SCALE: | |October 2008 |November2008 |December2008 |January2008 | |Activity | | | | | W1 |W2 |W3 |W1 |W2 |W3 |W4 |W1 |W2 |W3 |W4 |W1 | |W/K Commencing |X | | | | | | | | | | | | |Search information | |X |X |X |X | | | | | | | | |Read & understand information | | | |X |X | | | | | | | | |Finalized Objectives | | | | |X | | | | | | | | |Prepare & Submit proposal | | | | | |X | | | | | | | |Compile necessary data | | | | | | |X |X | | | | | |Device Research strategy & method | | | | | | | |X | | | | | |Get Feedback | | | | | | | |X | | | | | |Gather Data | | | | | | | |X |X | | | | |Analyses Data | | | | | | | | |X | | | | |Update literature Read | | | | | | | | |X | | | | |Prepare rough draft | | | | | | | | | |X | | | |Draft to supervisor for feed back | | | | | | | | | |X | | | |Edit unwanted information | | | | | | | | | |X |X | | |Make final draft | | | | | | | | | | |X | | |Print | | | | | | | | | | |X | | |Submission | | | | | | | | | | | |X | | 10. BIBILIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES: 1) Berman, B. and Evans, J. (2006), Retail Management a strategic approach, 10th edition, New Delhi, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. 2) Holingworth, A. (2004), â€Å"Increasing retail concentration: Evidence from UK food retail sector†, British Food journal, [online], vol. 206, issue 4/5, Pp. 629-638, Available from URL:http://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do;jsessionid=2D1F750288725BD25CCEDCE906588E78? contentType=Article&contentId=870774, [Accessed 7 November 2008] 3) Donald, C. & Pamela, S. (2006), Business Research methods, 9th edition, New Delhi (India), Tata McGraw-hill Publication. 4) Kothari, C. 1996), Research Methods and Techniques, 2nd edition, New Delhi, Age International publisher. 5) El-Amir, A. and Burt, S. (2008), â€Å"Sainsbury’s in Egypt the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? † International Journal of retail and distribution management, [online], vol. 36, Pp. 300-322, Available from UR L: http://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewContentItem. do? contentId=1714594&contentType=Article, [Accessed 8 November 2008] 6) Harvey, M. (2000), â€Å"Innovation and competition in UK supermarkets†, Supply chain management: An international study, [online], vol. 5, Pp. 15-21, Available from URL: http://www. emeraldinsight. com/Insight/viewPDF. jsp? Filename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/1770050102. pdf. Accessed 10 November 2008] 7) BBC news, 6 March 2006, â€Å"Q&A: supermarket competition concerns†, [online], Available from URL: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/4785544. stm. [Accessed 11 November 2008] 8) Press association, (2007), â€Å"Tesco fights monopoly accusations†, [online], The Guardian, Available from: URL:http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2007/apr/02/supermarkets. tesco. [Accessed 11 November. 2008] 9) Elizabeth Rigby, (2008), â€Å"Sainsbury losses strongholds to Tesco†, [online] Financial times, Available from URL: http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/74abaa68-af75-11dd-a4df-000077b07658. html. [Accessed 12 November 2008] 10) Hackney, Grant & Birtwistle, (2006), â€Å"UK grocery

VoIP Vs Cell Phone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

VoIP Vs Cell Phone - Research Paper Example Further research is conducted on the impacts of the development of VoIP over the existing telecommunications industry focusing on the mobile and land phone operators. A comparison is also drawn on the parameter of benefit earned over the cost incurred with regards to both cell and VoIP phones. Finally the paper concludes by drawing a summary on the research made by providing fruitful suggestions thereof. Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3-4 Mechanism of working and quality of service†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4-6 The Impacts on business and the society†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6-10 VoIP and smart phon es impacts over cell phone and telecom companies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10-19 Cost and Benefit analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19-20 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20-21 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21-22 Introduction Brief History of VoIP The development of VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol is considered as a major breakthrough in the field of Internet communication technology. ... technological, economical and cultural. Technological history shows that VoIP process first came into existence after the innovation of ‘Internet Phone’ application by Vocaltec Incorporation in Israel during February 1995. Development of the internet phone application helped the users to communicate to each other through the integration of computer, internet and voice modulators. However, to make the VoIP process useful the existence of the ‘Internet Phone Software’ was needed at both ends i.e. the speaker and the receiver. However with the advent of 1998 the development of hardware technology spread the use of VoIP in computer to telephone and telephone-to-telephone networks. VoIP process in the context of modern period has totally revolutionized the field of communication technology in terms of voice clarity and economy of use. This present day notion of VoIP has brought a cultural modification in many companies shifting over to the use of the innovated pr ocess. Development and expanded use of VoIP technology caused many telecom companies to mushroom out to economically cater to their client’s call needs. The telecom market for the dearth of proper administrative regulations became populated with many such small telecom companies competing against each other. Telecom giants like Telco mostly managed these companies. (Hallock, 2004, pp.4-11; VoIP:  Voice Over Internet Protocol Architecture and Features, n.d., pp.14-15). Brief History of Cell phone The history of mobile or cellular technology goes far beyond than what has been recorded for. Use of mobile phones was restricted to the business and governmental societies during the period of the 1970s. Thus the common man had no notion about the cellular technology for being devoid of its access. The

Edexcel Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Edexcel Strategic Marketing - Essay Example In the context of strategic marketing, strategic planning can help managers to align the business strategies with the market trends and culture (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007). The assessment of market conditions while developing a strategic marketing plan helps managers to understand the level of competition. In this way, managers are able to identify strategies that will enhance their firm’s competitiveness (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007). From a similar point of view, McDonald and Wilson (2011) state that strategic marketing can help towards the improvement of communication and cooperation across organization. More specifically, in order for the strategic marketing process to be completed it is necessary for employees at all levels of the organizational hierarchy to cooperate and exchange views (McDonald and Wilson 2011). In addition, strategic marketing leads to the development of marketing plans that are fully aligned with the needs and the potentials of each organization (Stanco 1996). This means that each strategic marketing plan is unique, being adjusted to the characteristics of a specific organization (Stanco 1996). McLoughlin and Aaker (2010) explain that modern marketing is quite tactical. In fact, modern marketing has become ‘part of the strategic management of the organization’ (McLoughlin and Aaker 2010, p.15). In Apple, strategic marketing is used for keeping the competitiveness of the organization at high levels. Indeed, organization has traditionally focused on two key targets: innovation of products and rapid entry of the products in the market (Mohr 2009). In Apple, the use of strategic marketing has helped not only to achieve these targets but also to cover the gaps caused by mistakes in evaluating the market response towards a firm’s product (Mohr 2009). The case of iTunes is an indicative example. Apple developed iTunes

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Art - Essay Example Lithographic images, unlike etching processes, may utilize stone plates in addition to those made of metal as long as the surface is initially smooth. These characteristics are due to the process adding to the base material, rather than removing it as occurs in etchings. Lithographic presses work by evenly pressing ink against a roughened base surface on which an image has been crafted using polymers. The desire to unite these tools has fueled research in a range of fields, including physics (Adalsteinsson & Sethian, 1997). Monotyping and monoprinting are very similar processes, as both are defined by the creation of a sole image source that can only be used to print a limited number of unique images. The main difference between the techniques is that monoprints can be reused, while images on monotyping source materials are impermanent and deteriorate after a couple of uses at most. Monoprinting can be used to produce many images, but the guide is altered with every pressing, guaranteeing the inability to massively duplicate an identical image from a single monoprint plate. The concepts of scale and proportion are easily confused because they both relate to size (Mag Uidher, 2012), but the differences are clear enough to warrant more attention than they have typically been afforded. Scale describes the size of an object as it compares to a separate item of reference. The human body is a common frame of reference for size, but the possibilities for comparison are virtually endless. In contrast, proportion is the relative size of the parts of an image as they compare to the whole. For example, the size of an eye can appear different based on the size of the entire face. This form of referencing is different than scale judgements because it does not depend on the use of an independent image. In visual art, representation refers to the role of direct symbolic

Public Relations and Relationship Marketing Essay

Public Relations and Relationship Marketing - Essay Example For the purpose of this paper the following definitions found in the Dictionary of Marketing Terms (___) will be used: Public Relations: "That form of communication management that seeks to make use of publicity and other non paid forms of promotion and information to influence the feelings, opinions or beliefs about the company, its products or services or about the value of the product or service or the activities of the organization to the buyers, prospects or other stakeholders." Relationship Marketing (RM): "Marketing with the conscious aim to develop and manage long-term and/or trusting relationships with customers, distributors, suppliers or other parties in the marketing environment." In this examination of the effectiveness of PR and RM in successful event promotion the term "Event Management" will be used to describe the work of professionals involved in promoting events. Event Management will be seen in the context of the following definition and diagram created by Julia Silvers (2003): "Event management is an intricate weaving of the process and the scope of management functions. As illustrated below, the functional units (grouped by domain) form the warp fibers-the foundation threads of the fabric of an event. The processes-or weft threads-are interwoven through these foundations for each event, with the evaluation thread from one event forming the research thread for the next event. If you eliminate one of the threads, the fabric of the event is weakened, leaving holes or places where it may unravel." Methodology: Extensive research of the literature as well as a number of Internet Sources have resulted in a decision to examine the professional services of one specific company that specializes in all aspects of event planning. The company philosophy and reports on five events they have successfully coordinated will be examined in relation to how PR and RM have been utilized effectively in each situation. The company selected for this purpose is Fundraising Partners Northwest. Event Promotion and Use of PR/RM - In the description of their services on the company website members of Fundraising Partners Northwest state that "the three critical components for success in any fundraising effort are relationships, an effective case for support and teamwork." The company has an excellent track record with regard to promoting and successfully overseeing events. One of the ways the company utilizes relationship techniques that seems to create a platform for success is to meet with clients to discuss their own unique needs and develop strategies for ongoing "support and teamwork." This use of RM in the initial stages of any work the group does has proven to be effective in the company's management of events and other services. By helping to "clearly articulate" each organization's unique needs Fundraising Partners Northwest is able to prepare strategies for meeting goals by "combining tested practices with original ideas." The attached report on the Symphony of Seafood event that was initiated in 1999 by the company is a good illustration of 'well orchestrated' combined use of Public Relations and Relationship Marketing. In 1999, the Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation, sponsoring organization of the Alaska Symphony of Seafoo

The Lawrence Textile Strike, known as the Bread and Roses strike Essay

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Conference Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conference Assessment - Essay Example The objective scheme for assessing a speaker at a conference will include a number of criteria. Based on the response, assessment can be made as has been explained in the table at end of this section. Some of the issues which can be considered are level of preparation of the speaker. Was he aware of the agenda for the conference Was he aware of the main issues which were being discussed during the conference Did he have background knowledge of the subject being presented Did he know the key areas of concern and points of discussion Was he aware of the main participants, their portfolios and the departments they were representing Did he prepare slides for the presentation Were they effective in communicating the point Did the speaker give the structure of the talk in advance and did it provide the participants a clear view of his goals, main points being covered and the key arguments set forth1 These issues will carry substantial weight in the assessment. Then is the aspect on goal se tting. Every conference has a goal and the speaker has to conform to the same. Assessment can be done on whether the speaker had set appropriate goals and if these were adhered to.2 An important ability of a speaker is effective communication. ... There is also a need to ensure that innovative techniques are employed for engaging people during the presentation.4 For this preparation of good slides to convey the point is important.5 Conferences are multi channel communication processes. Thus inter personal communication ability of the speaker to make a positive impact, convey point effectively and accepting another point of view once the logic had been explained are important for good speakers. Every speaker has to also be a good listener who can analyze a point quickly and understand the nuances without allowing the discussion to waver. The ability of the speaker to make an impact, to be taken seriously and make people listen and engage in dialogue needs to be assessed. Conflict resolution during the meeting deliberations is also an important attribute which needs consideration.6 Provision of handouts and notes which are take away for analysis and study by the participants would be an important facet which earns additional poi nts. Summarization of the presentation to include the rationalization of all points of views that emerged during the discussion will also be assessed. Finally the overall contribution of the speaker to the conference agenda has to be assessed which will be determined by a review of whether the speaker achieved the aims set for the conference. ASSESSMENT SCHEME Ser No Assessment Criteria Outstanding 5 Good 4 Satisfactory 3 Fair 2 Poor 1 1. Setting of goals and achievement 2. Preparation including in depth study of subject. 3. Presentation skills 4. Presentation material including slides, charts etc. 5. Hand outs and notes provided. 6. Communication skills. 7. Interpersonal

Enterprise infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enterprise infrastructure - Essay Example In the service model, TRU should choose IaaS because its underlying infrastructure is well defined. In economic considerations, TRU should hire a public platform because the company will not incur up-front costs of constructing a private infrastructure. I am, therefore, recommending three things for TRU. First, TRU should use hybrid cloud for data portability. Second, TRU should use IaaS because of well-defined infrastructure. Lastly, TRU should hire a public platform because it is cheap. IT governance is the way in which an organization aligns its Information Technology strategies with business strategies to ensure the organization stays on track with its business goals. IT governance puts into consideration the interests of all stakeholders and also provides measurable business results. An IT governance structure in any business addresses issues such as the functioning of IT framework and its overall returns to the business. Every organization requires ways of ensuring that IT frameworks sustain the business’ strategies and objectives. The size of the organization determines the suitable level of IT sophistication governance that the business can apply. Very large and highly regulated organizations will require detailed IT governance structures and vice versa (Standards.org, 2) Strategic alignment involves linking IT and business so that they work together efficiently. The major issue in linking the two issues is the planning process. An efficient strategic alignment occurs when the IT team communicates effectively with the corporate side of the business about costs, progress and impacts (Standards.org, 4). Value delivery is ensuring that IT framework delivers the predetermined benefits to the business. The predetermined benefits are the ones the business intended to achieve by investing on IT infrastructure. Any business can ensure value delivery by efficiently managing its IT department. An efficient management of

Melbourne Airport Runway Essay Example for Free

Melbourne Airport Runway Essay Rules and regulations serve as guide the aviation industry to promote the sole standards in the provision of the services and standards for location quality which are essential for the travelers. The service that is being offered should be valued in the same way as the physical locale for operation. Runways for the air vessel, more than just a strip of land solely functioning for the launch of air vehicle, is a subject for continuous planning, development and safety maintenance to respond with the growing demand for aerial transportation. Aside from the fact that airports represent a huge investment for capital that can range to the actual building of facilities, it can also support many employments outside its function such as the industry for taxi and delivery companies. It remained tough for commercial or even private airports and for the whole Aviation System of any flight to make sure that transferring from domestic to international sections was a breeze. Most people who are using the services of airport do not have any actual idea how complex the functions are being carried out and how important the impacts of airports as a community service provider can have in a society. Moreover, airports are part of transportation systems, thus, aviation activity defines portion of the economy as it acts to be vital in distribution process especially when it serves as a link between the producers and consumers. Melbourne Airport, sometimes called Tullamarine Airport, serves the second busiest city of Australia therefore we can expect heightened standard to be sufficient for the service demand. Melbourne’s Central Business District is the home of Melbourne airport which complements with its closest neighbor Avalon since they are about 40 km. apart. Their distance makes competition not necessary. Airports are vital assets making them look forward to the goal of having direct flights instead of passing through Sydney. The Government (national and local) is pushing for maximizing profits by promoting economic actions among the airports. Across Australia, it is apparent that the objectives of these companies are partly relative with the economic activity of their region. The ways their community responds to the quality of their service largely affect the standard being applied on their planning and strategies (Winston and de Rus 2008: 75-77). Background: Initiatives for development As shown in Melbourne Airport’s Master Plan (2008), they were preparing their aviation system to respond for the anticipated growth in the following 20 years therefore, they fortified agreements and legal relationship with the State departments. They wished to expand their service coverage as they were able to secure development pace with geographic control. Available lands, equipped with expansion and commercial potentials, surround the operational territory and they were subject for acquisition. Melbourne Airport, dubbed as a city inside a city for its dynamic location, handles its vast land area which has portions highly available for commercial purposes. With the location’s accessibility from the metropolitan primary locations, their property promised a wide range of opportunity for business partners. As per Melbourne Airport (2009), they also look forward to possible expansions and strategies for its further development for their long term goals as a commercial institution servicing over 22 million passengers and travelers per year in average. The business park, occupying the area for per, are became the home of initiatives for this development. How relevant is this expansion and development plan by Melbourne Airport? This move shows a particular necessity for the airport to adapt to the changing demand in the capacity of passengers. For example, according to Orlando Business Journal (2010) with the return of US Airways to them, the volume of passengers went up 75% compared to the volume last year. The strategy and hard work of the airport’s marketing department shows positive results. Materials and Methods: Melbourne Airport’s Master Plan 2008 In accordance to Part 5, Division 1, Section 67 of Airports Act of 1996, Melbourne Airport proposed their most recent Master plan last 2008 after the 2003 version which showcase the future development and strategic direction for commercial and aircraft operations of the airport and in the same year, The Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government approved the proposal tackling the future capacity. Runways design seems to be one of the key considerations in making the master plan. The plan is set to work in the following decades thus, it is important to see how the runways are to be set in the future in compliance to the goal of its expansion, and development. The actual situation of the runway system, the pace of increasing volume of demand for it, and the structure framed in the plan should be analyzed to see its complementarities with the operational goal of the airport. Discussion: the Master plan for Runways and Facilities The master plan is not just a way to maximize the capability and function of the airport site in the present or to respond with the present requirement of the aviation systems, instead, it is a set of projected ideas for their long term goal of ultimate development. The Melbourne Airport currently has two runways, the North-South (16/34) and East-West (09/27), which are intersecting in directions and have taxiways and apron areas associated with each. In response to the volume of demand, apparent to their recent master plan, Melbourne Airport aimed to accommodate transportation functions faster. Runways (16/34 and 09/27) are planned to maximize runway capacity while waiting for the completion of the third runway by having taxiways for rapid exit and make 09/27 runway extended to the western side(Melbourne Airport 2008: 51-52). In totality, the plan included adding gates for passenger aircraft and apron areas, construction of a new runway with corresponding taxiways and upgrading both domestic and international terminals. The new runway is planned to be put west of the 16/34 runway in the early part to middle part of 2020’s as projected. They also project that it will not be completed and it is not yet necessary to have that added runway prior to 2020 at least, around 2017. The plan required computerized analysis of physical elements such as weather (particularly, the direction of the wind current), vessel type, length required for the runway and separations of aircraft, relative to the runway operations to end up having the closest to accurate design for its efficiency (Melbourne Airport 2008: 52-53). International Air Transport Association (IATA) has the standard that is followed by Melbourne Airport with the design of their terminal facilities. The level of Standard (LOS) ranges from ‘A’ being excellent to ‘F’ being the unacceptable quality (de Neufville 2010). Planning requires designs as designing the roads and terminals required well-defined standards and criteria to follow. In the Master Plan, Melbourne Airport (2008) specified the LOS to Level ‘C’ which indicates the standard minimum of service with acceptable comfort and service or flight delay but guaranteed a stable flow. While the terminals are based in IATA criteria, Melbourne Airport designed their roads using the Austroad’s Guide to road design which deals largely on its geometric elements and roadside considerations. Economic impact and Projected Effects The efficiency of Melbourne Airport relies on its interdependent functional elements which includes the function of facilities and the rest of the airport site. The measure of its effects can be seen in its contribution to the economic development. With the periodical study of the pace of passenger volume growth from 2007, the increase is steady among their passengers. As cited from Melbourne Airport Data, the international Passenger Transfers, as varied every 3 to 4 years, is increasing by 0. 2 million, thus it project that by 2017, the international traveler movement will be 7. 1 million. This is where the Master plan is intended for. This amount of people will contribute to the billion dollars tourism industry of Victoria which is believed to have an indirect relative to the quality of air transportation access (Sinclair Knight Merz 2008: 12-13). Aside from movement of people, air transportations are also beneficial for trades and commerce particularly with the function of importations and exportations of goods and raw materials. Melbourne Air’s goal to increase their capacity by maximizing runways complements with the purpose of trade. Airfreights’ volume is determined directly by the number of vessels capable of carrying them. Geographic elements remained to be the prime and competitive advantage of Melbourne Airport. It also has the initial advantage of established high number of locations for their services worldwide (Sinclair Knight Merz 2008: 18). Conclusion The initiative of Melbourne Airport in designing a plan to serve for its long term goals manifests a strong potential for future development in their vital service functions in which the travelers can look forward to. The runway, being the starting point of any travel defines the quality of the engineering, logistics and designing capability of the airport institution so it contributes to promoting the impression of the public. Any initiative done with careful and strategic planning should result to beneficial and continuous flow of economic elements. The trend in making sophisticated runway can be partially contributed by the evolutionary changes in sophisticated aircraft but far from that, it is important to value the projects implemented for the improvement of the runway facilities for the evolutionary changes in the way of the people in dealing with trades, commerce and tourism. List of References Winston, C. and de Rus, G. (2008). ‘Aviation Infrastructure Performance’. The Brookings Institution. [17 May 2010] Melbourne Airport. (2008). ‘Master Plan’. Melbourne Airport. [17 May 2010] Melbourne Airport. (2009). ‘Property’. Australia Pacific Airports (Melbourne) Pty Ltd. [online] available from http://www. melbourneairport. com. au/For -Business/Property/Overview. html[17 May 2010] Orlando Business Journal. (2010). ‘Melbourne Airport’s Passenger Traffic Up’. American city Business Journals, Inc. [online] available fromhttp://www. bizjournals. com/orlando/stories/2010/04/19/daily42. html [17 May 2010] de Neufville, R. (2010). ‘Defining Capacity of Airport Passenger Buildings’. [online] available from ardent. mit. edu/airports/ASP_current /Defining_Capacity04. pdf[17 May 2010] Sinclair Knight Merz. (2008). ‘the Economic Impact of Melbourne Airport’. Sinclair Knight Merz Pty. Ltd. [17 May 2

Political Leadership: Napoleon Bonaparte

Political Leadership: Napoleon Bonaparte Political Leadership: Napoleon A study in political leadership: Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most contentious and polarising figures in world history. Some historians such as J David Markham and David P Jordan believe him to be the epitome of the revolutionary struggles that preceded him and indeed the natural continuation of the French Revolution. Others such as Paul Johnson and Claude Ribbe see Napoleon as an autocratic ruler who not only used and abused the French Revolution but also proceeded to rule in a totalitarian manner. These contrasting views do, to some extent, illustrate how adept Napoleon was as a political leader. In changing and unsettled conditions that called for both a strong leader and paradoxically the lessons of the Revolution of representation by plebiscite and the throwing away of the ‘Ancien Regime’, Napoleon was in effect able to straddle both divides so successfully it is still difficult to get to the bottom of his leadership. I will show how through Napoleons skill, hard work, intelligence and even luc k, he was not only able to straddle this divide but set and achieve his goals in every area of French society and government, and indeed Europe. Most people know Napoleon by the wars that bear his name in the early 19th century, the fatalities caused by these and the Empire he built. It is clear that Napoleon had aims which were military by design and goals which could only be carried out by military ends and though these are clearly an integral part of his leadership, it is important to note that his social and political tasks were as important, if not more significant, when looking at Napoleon as a political leader. It is the social and political aspects of his rule that I shall focus on. Napoleon’s swift ascent to power, in 1799, on the back of the French Revolutions successes and ultimately it’s failures, found France in a weak position both internally and in Europe. The Revolution had introduced such massive change in social and political arenas from that of the ‘Ancien Regime’, that France did not have a workable position on every aspect of life in France from the economy, education and government to the church. There were hostile nations eyeing the French land in its moment of weakness, especially Austria and Prussia, which only served to hasten the need for internal workings. Napoleon therefore had two key tasks in front of him which themselves incorporated multiple key goals – make France workable again and keep France and its territories secure from hostile states. As Markham declares, â€Å"France was looking for someone who could preserve the benefits of the Revolution while bringing credibility back to government† Napoleon was very clever in his leadership in that he did not have an overbearing ideology, differing with both the revolutionaries and the ‘Ancien Regime’ and with this he had an exceptional understanding of where he needed to position himself to not only remain strong in his own position, but to build a strong France and Empire, as Dwyer states: â€Å"Napoleon eliminated the factionalism that had torn the country apart†¦ The introduction of a unified code of law†¦ monetary and financial reforms and the Concordat with the Catholic Church†¦ Were all designed to create the social, economic and political stability necessary to consolidate and maintain power.† The results of this meant that the positions Napoleon took on the domestic issues at hand are remarkable in essence to that of Tony Blair and the ‘third way’ doctrine. As Norman Davies states, â€Å"The eventual offspring (of Napoleons legislative agenda) often consisted of strange hybrid creatures, neither ancien fish nor revolutionary fowl.† For instance the Revolution dismantled all hereditary titles and classed every citizen as the same, Napoleon however created his own hierarchical system based on merit, thus at the same time creating the much-needed stability of the time without betraying everything that the Revolution stood for. Indeed the ‘Code Napoleon’, the grand law system Napoleon created was, as Davies says, â€Å"a middle path between the Roman law of the south and the customary law of the north, between egalitarian principles of 1789 and authoritarian, propertied reaction of the Directory.† Further pointing out Napoleons success is Emsley in ‘Napoleon’: â€Å"Napoleon Brought internal stability to France after the upheaval of the revolution. He fostered reconciliation between old and new elites and restored the Catholic Church – on his own terms. The 15 years of Napoleons rule witnessed significant reorganisation within France.† It is clear then that Napoleon did succeed in his goals of creating a stable and strong France capable of governing and maintaining its position – in fact expanding it’s position – on the world stage. However it is simply not enough to state what ideology – or lack thereof – Napoleon followed in determining what kind of political leader he was. It is important to state how he worked in creating his legislative agenda and how effective this was in his political leadership throughout his rule. Napoleon is fabled for his long hours and incredible ability to not only dictate multiple memos and letters, legislation and law, at the same sitting for vast periods of time but for also using vast quantities of information accurately from the top of his head. â€Å"He (Napoleon) was extremely hard working and able†¦ When in Paris he was known regularly to work through much of the night, going to bed at 10pm, rising at 2am†¦ His days in Paris were then filled with meetings, readings and correcting documents and receiving petitions, with food being eaten while he was standing or on the move. His insatiable thirst for, ability to absorb, knowledge enabled him to discuss science with scientists, and to debate, at high level and with experts, history, geography, literature†¦ He expected regular reports†¦ and he read them.† Napoleons clear controlling nature and ambition does provide strength in his political leadership. A strength in so much as that it is this mans desire and drive which not only got him to his goals but enabled him to ensure that things were being run the way he envisioned them, the right way. This way of dealing with leadership could be down to the good fortune that Napoleon undoubtedly seemed to gain during his career both on the way up and while in power, as Markham puts it, â€Å"Some†¦ have suggested that he (Napoleon) simply had incredible luck and was always at the right place at the right time. The latter was certainly often true†¦ The trip to Egypt come(s) to mind.† But this sense of good fortune and wanting to make the most of it may not be the reason for Napoleons controlling way in power. Before he gained power his ambition and jealousy of those in power at the time is widely quoted, â€Å"I wish to undermine the Republican party, but only for my own prof it and not that of the ancient dynasty†¦ As for me†¦ I have tasted authority and I will not give it up. I have decided that if I cannot be the master I will leave France.† It would seem then that the seeds for his controlling and overbearing nature as a political leader were sewn before he even encountered power. This leads on to both his clear weakness and ultimately his failure as a political leader. Not only the insistence on controlling and influencing all aspects of the legislative agenda but then the tight grip he held those implementing the agendas in, meant that as Johnson states, â€Å"He (Napoleon) could not rule on a long-term basis. No one has ever been faster than he was at overturning existing governments, setting up new administrations, and imposing constitutions to fit them. None lasted more than a few years, some only a few months†¦ It always bore hallmarks of his impatience and his lack of tenacity in sustaining the long haul.† It would seem paradoxical that though his great task and success was bringing stability and competence in the management of French affairs at home, as the Empire grew, so did the inability in controlling it all. This is probably understandable when you look at some occasions where this controlling nature is highlighted such as, â€Å"In o ne week, shortly after becoming Viceroy of Italy, Eugene de Beauharnais received 21 letters providing advice and instructions, some of them running to several pages (from Napoleon).† It is precisely this level of detail and control that helped make France so strong and stable, which ultimately made the control of the empire so uncontrollable and unstable. The lack of heirs to manipulate and have ready to follow him in power may well have been part of this weakness in his leadership. It is hard to imagine he would have pressed so hard, so long for an empire as big as he did if he understood that he had someone he could mould into his place and watch continue his work, this too might have compounded his controlling nature. The fact that the siblings he had, after he put them into power in differing nations, his brother Joseph in Spain for instance, let him down so miserably in the majority of cases, could have contributed in this regard as well. All this leads to his political and military overstretching which would eventually lead to his downfall. Part of the legacy of Napoleon, as much as a tool for his control over both the people of France and the empire, and a continuation of his character as a political leader, was his great ability in propaganda. â€Å"Nothing lies like a Napoleonic bulletin.† Is a common understanding of the power Napoleon had in the art of getting the masses and the elite to understand and support what he wanted them to understand and support, a lot of what we would call ‘spin’ nowadays, just as much as propaganda. Markham explains the role Napoleon used propaganda in effectively: â€Å"In media-centred times†¦ we take for granted advertising and propaganda†¦ In Napoleon’s lifetime, such self-promotion was not nearly so widespread†¦ Napoleon, however, realised the value of such activities and was quick to use them to promote his rise to power. His proclamations, bulletins and letters to the government were all written with his own interests in mind†¦ His Italian and Egyptian campaigns became, in the eyes of the public, crusades of good against evil, those of an enlightened hero against the barbarians.† So not only was he a political leader of great ambition, confidence, intelligence, hard work, luck and control but also a leader who knew how to use new techniques and harness them for his and the nations own ends. Like many leaders however it was many of these same qualities that brought so much glory, which also brought the end. The overt confidence and control, pushing the hard working man to pursue too much, too soon without doubting, or allowing those around him to question enough, the merits of certain decisions. Why I mention propaganda as a part of Napoleons legacy is because Napoleon used it as such throughout his time in power, via portraits, sculptures and even after he left power through the written word in his autobiography. â€Å"Napoleon had always been conscious of how to best portray himself and his achievements†¦ Napoleon manipulated the arts and the media towards his personal glory†¦ Artists were commissioned and prizes were offered for works celebrating key moments of his career. Historical accuracy was less important than the image presented in both paintings and sculptures.† To a large extent this clever way of trying to secure a legacy has worked. When looking at Napoleon we undoubtedly think of pictures and paintings we have seen. For some people seeing Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres’ portrait of Napoleon on the imperial throne or the famous image of Napoleon crossing the Alps by Jacques Louis David, is all they have to go on, Napoleon from these image s looks very much how he wanted to be remembered, a successful, dashing, Emperor. There are other aspects of course to his legacy, one major part being that he brought Europe, especially what we now call Germany and central Europe, not only up to date in terms of the political and social institutions inside the nations, but also economically as well. On top of this before Napoleon controlled mainland Europe with his Empire, Europe was made up of many, often splintered, states. After Napoleon left power for good in 1815, the face of Europe looked completely different. The state structure, divided up by the Allies, was completely different and much of the current state system is therefore part of Napoleon’s legacy. For instance â€Å"Thomas Nipperdey began his acclaimed history of nineteenth-century Germany with the words ‘In the beginning was Napoleon.’† The other significant legacy Napoleon left was the ‘Code Napoleon’, the sets of laws, governing system and administration. As Emsley states, â€Å"The administrative system and structures that were to govern France for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were essentially those that emerged during the Consulate.† And you can see exactly why the ‘Code Napoleon’ did survive, â€Å"The universal rights of citizenship, and of equality before the law, were confirmed. In family law, civil marriage and divorce were retained†¦ This Code has profoundly influenced the social development of at least thirty countries.† It is clear that Napoleon Bonaparte was a very astute and complex political leader and also one of great importance. Napoleons determination and ambition to succeed may well have been the reason behind both his rise and fall. â€Å"Few individuals have had more impact on history than Napoleon Bonaparte. He is the grandest possible refutation of those determinists who hold that events are governed by forces, classes, economics, and geography rather than by the power of wills of men and women†¦ Few persons of ambition have failed to see Bonaparte as an exemplar or a spur.† Though I do not agree with all the sentiments in the last quote, I agree with the latter. The sheer brilliance of the man, who, however you look at it has come from a background of mediocrity and middle class, to rule France in a way which benefited both himself, his nation and Europe as a whole, is an inspiring example certainly to me. His genius is of course exceptional, but the attention to detail, the hard working mentality and the ability to successfully negotiate a tough balancing act, is equally as inspiring. He clearly had some flaws both personally and politically but I take my inspiration not so much from every policy he passed but what attitude he held, and that is nothing but inspiring. Bibliography Davies, Norman (1997) Europe – A History. Pimlico. Dwyer, Philip G. – edited by (2001) Napoleon and Europe. Pearson Education. Dwyer, Philip G. and Forrest, Alan – edited by – (2007) Napoleon and his Empire – Europe, 1804-1814. Palgrave Macmillan. Emsley, Clive (2003) Napoleon – Conquest, Reform and Reorganisation. Pearson Education. Johnson, Paul (2002) Napoleon. Phoenix. Markham, J. David (2003) Napoleon’s Road to Glory – Triumphs, Defeats and Immortality. Brassey’s. McLynn, Frank (1997) Napoleon – A Biography. Pimlico. Lesson plan: defining aims Lesson plan: defining aims Lesson plan: Defining Aims What is a lesson plan? Before we do anything we must plan what to do, how to do, why to do and when to do. Also in the teaching, a teacher must plan what he wants to teach the students, why he wants teach and how to teach. The first thing that a teacher must do is preparing a lesson. It is called a lesson plan. What is a lesson plan? These are many definitions of lesson plan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lesson plan is a teachers detailed description of the course of instruction for an individual lesson or a teachers document used to plan a lesson. (en.wikipedia.org)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A writing noting the method of delivery, and the specific goals and timeline associated to the delivery of the lesson content. (longwood.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An organized outline for single instructional period. it is a necessary guide for the instructor in that it tells what do you do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use in teaching the material of a lesson (www.dynamicflight.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A written document used in planning a presentation. (wps.prenhall.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A teacher-developed and teacher-written study plan that guides instruction. It contains an outline of the important, points of a lesson arranged in (natomagroup.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion, a lesson plan is a teachers document planning for teaching. How to do the lesson plan?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing a teacher must do is decide on the lesson plans focus. The teacher creates one idea or question they want the students to explore or answer. Next, the teacher creates classroom activities that correlate with the established ideas or question. This includes individual and group activities. A lesson plan must correlate with the text book the class uses. The school or the teacher usually selects the text book or provides teachers with a limited text book choice for particular unit. The teacher must take great care and select the most appropriate book for the student. A good lesson plan can reflect interests and need of students. It incorporates best practices for the education filed. The lesson plan correlate with the teachers philosophy of education. Which is that the teacher feels is the purpose of the student. Lesson plan is preferable, because it allows a teacher to create various research, writing, speaking , and reading assignment. How to consider lesson plan? To know who the students are. Know ability levels, backgrounds, interest levels, attention spans, ability to work together in groups, prior knowledge and learning experience, special need or accommodations, and learning preferences. This my not happen as quickly as you would like, but it is important for designing instruction that will meet the needs of your student. Thats key in successful teaching and learning. To know the content. It is important for you to research the subject matter that you will be teaching. You should also utilize curriculum guides published by the state in which you teach and the local school district that employs you. It is also a good idea to know the national standards and state standards that drive curriculum frameworks and that will give you a lot of information relative to your subject area. TeAch-nology.com has a large number of links that will help you to search for information relative to that subject matter you are employed to teach. one link that can help is as follows To know the materials that are available to help you teach for success. Take and keep an inventory of the materials and resources that are available to you as a teacher. for example: technology , software, audio/visuals, teacher mentors, community resource, equipment, manipulative, library resources, local guest speakers, volunteers, or any materials that can assist you in teaching Planning For Instruction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the teacher starts teaching, the teacher must plan for instruction in order to make successfully in teaching. Content The teacher must list the important facts, key concepts, skills, or key vocabulary terms that you intend to cover. You can also prepare an outline with key learning outcomes. Remember to refer to your curriculum guides. Goals To identify the aims or that you want your students to achieve as result of the lesson you plan to teach. goals are end produce and are sometimes broad in nature. Goals relate directly to the knowledge and skill you identify. Goals determine purpose, aim, and rationale for what you your students will engage in during class time. The goals are typically written broad educational or unit goals adhering to state or national curriculum standards. Objectives To identify the objectives that you hope your students will achieve in the tasks that will engage them in the learning process. objectives are behavioral in nature and are specific to performance. Objectives tell what you will be observing in student performance and describe criteria by which you can measure performance against. In many way, objectives represent indicators of performance that tell you, the teacher, to what extent a student is progressing in any given task. Instructional objectives can start with. A given that describes a condition that enables your students to perform any given task. A given could be any activity, a specific set of direction ,materials needed to perform a task, any assignment, for anything that set up a condition for students to engage in the task being observed and measure for performance. The heart of the objective is the task that the student is expected to perform. it is probably one of the most important part of the lesson plan becaus e it is student centered and outcome based. Objectives can range form easy to hard tasks depending on student abilities Materials List the materials and recourses that will be need for the lesson to be successful, the teacher also use technology resources needs to achieve objectives. Introduction Describe or list a focusing event or attention grabber that will motivate the students to want to pay attention and learn about what the teacher plan to teach. It will depend on the ages and stage and of the students and will rely on students interests and backgrounds. The teacher must remember to get the students to attend and respond to the introduction will set the stage for the rest of lesson. Development Describe how the teacher plans to model or explain what the teacher wants the students to do. Modeling the learning behaviors the teacher expects of his students is a powerful development tool and provides demonstration that students can then imitate or practice on they town. During development, models of teaching are used to facilitate students learning. Models can include direct instruction, inquiry, information processing strategies, or cooperative learning strategies. Practice The teacher must list or describe ways in which the teacher will provide opportunities for the students to practice what the teacher wants the students to learn. The more opportunities the teacher provides, the better chance they have to master the expected outcomes. These opportunities are in classroom assignments or tasks that give the teacher, the chance to guide and monitor progress. Independent Practice The teacher should list or describe ways to provide opportunities for the students to complete assignments to measure progress against the goal of instruction. These assignments are meant to give the teacher s the chance to determine whether students have truly mastered the expected outcomes. Remember to only plan for task that the teacher believes students can accomplish without guidance. Accommodations The teacher should list or describe ways that the teacher will differentiate instruction according to students needs. This can include any curricular adaptations that are needed to meet special needs students. Checking for Understanding To list or describe ways that the teacher will check for understanding. Assessment and ongoing feedback are necessary for monitoring progress. This can include questioning, conferencing, or journal writing. Closure To list or describe ways that can wrap up a lesson. This can include telling students in the most important concepts that were covered in lesson, asking the students what they thought were the key concepts, or preparing them for the next lesson building upon what was presented. The key is to leave the students with an imprint of what the teacher hope to achieve in any given lesson. Evaluation The teacher must list or describe the ways to assess or measure the student success in achieving the outcomes that the teacher planed to reach. This can include a variety of ways to evaluate student performance. Aims Aims are general statements briefly outlining the content of the training being offer. Well written objectives are much more specific and should clarify the aims in more detail. Well written aims and objectives will help to provide a sound basis for identifying the content of a course or training program. Defining Aims Aims provide the teacher with the goal of the teaching-learning process. In other words, you know your destination when you begin instruction. They answer the question, what are the students supposed to know or be able to do once the unit or lesson is completed? Aims provide a clear framework for assessment is, after all, an effort to determine to what extent students have reached or achieved the objective. Aims provide the students direction and a goal for learning. Students have a better opportunity to stay the course when they know the goal of the learning. Ruth Hamilton wrote about the aims and sub-aims, by no means exhaustive by in http://www.philseflsupport.com/lessonplanaims.htm. Introducing and practicing new vocabulary. Revising previously taught vocabulary. Introducing a new grammatical point. Introducing new functional language. Revising or reviewing one or more grammatical points. Revising or reviewing functional exponents. Giving controlled/less-controlled/freer practice of a language point. Contrasting two (or more) grammatical points. Contrasting two (or more) functional exponents. Warmers/icebreakers getting to know your students. 11. Raising awareness/ear training and/or practicing aspects of phonology: a) pronunciation of phonemes/individual sounds b) word stress c) sentence stress d) intonation e) features of connected speech Error correction work (usually revising previously taught language) Self-access work. Learner training. Developing reading skills prediction/skimming/scanning/inferring, etc. Developing listening skills prediction/gist/for specific information/inference, etc. Examples of Aims The students can pronounce the words correctly. The students can tell the meaning of words. The students can ask and answer the direction to the bus station. The students can write the sentences about daily life. The students can read a short passage and answer the questions. My English Class Before I start my teaching English, I always prepare my lesson by planning what I will teach my students; the contents, the objectives or aims, materials or instruments, worksheets, and activities that I will use in the class. I use the varied activities in my English class such as games and songs depend on the contents in that period. The important thing that I must do is write the aims or the objectives of learning and tell the students what they are able to do after the learning. The teacher can check how the students success in the lesson by using the assignments, the test or any activities. References Mitchell, Diana, and Stephen Tchudi. (1999). Exploring and Teaching the English Language Arts. (4th Ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Raymond W. Donny Lee, Jr.(2004). Writing Learning Objectives for Unit and Lesson Plans. Tip of writing Objectives. http://www.okbu.edu/academics/natsc/ed. http://www.teach-nology.com en.wikipedia.org longwood.com natomagroup.com/basecamp/infodev/tpdhandbook/glossary.doc www.dynamicflight.com http://wps.prenhall.com Function : Asking and answering about time, routine, or activities. Teaching Procedure/Activities : Warm up/Lead in: The teacher lets the students play the number game. The teacher shows the clock and asks the students about the time. Then tells the students about the purpose of learning. Presentation: The teacher presents the vocabulary about the time. The teacher pronounces the words correctly and lets the students repeat. The teacher asks the questions about activities or routines and answers the questions. The teacher explains how to use the words and how to tell the time. Practice: The students practice by asking and answering the questions in pairs about the time and activities or routines. The teacher asks the students about their activities or routines. Checks the correct answers. Production: The teacher lets the students do the assignments by writing the sentences about their routines. Materials: word cards a clock pictures about activities Evaluation and measurement: Observing in the class Correcting the assignment

Othello vs. Iago :: essays research papers

In this thesis I will explain the reasonings behind Iago . Iago is obviously the "bad apple" in this book and I will explain several reasons for this behavior. Iago is the whole reason there is any conflict in Othello. If he never had entered the play Othello would have married Desdemona and they would have lived happily ever after. Right from the beginning of the play to the very end he causes conflicts. He is directly or indirectly responsible for the deaths of: Othello Desdemona, Emilia, Cassio, and Roderigo. In the very beginning of Act 1 Iago displays his hatred for Othello. He is angry at him for making Cassio the lieutenant. He then tells Roderigo that Othello and Desdemona are getting married. The two of them then go tell Desdemona's father, Brabantio, that Othello and his daughter had gotten eloped. This infuriates Brabantio. Soon after Brabantio gets a gang after Othello. Iago's treachery is first displayed hear. Iago was the person who insighted the whole ordeal. As soon as everyone arrives in Cyprus, Iago puts his plan in effect. He gets Roderigo to believe that Cassio and Desdemona are in love. This is a very significant part in showing Iago's evil. He gets Roderigo to develop a hatred for Cassio who just happens to be a victim of circumstance. He gets Cassio drunk then has Roderigo provoke a fight. Soon after Cassio stabs a man named Montano. Othello comes out and dismisses Cassio from lieutenancy. Iago is still not satisfied with his treachery. He still wants to be lieutenant. He convinces Cassio to arrange a meeting to talk with Desdemona about re-instating him as lieutenant. Cassio doesn't really know why Iago wants him to meet with Desdemona. At the end of this act Cassio says: "I never knew a Florentine more kind and honest." This line shows Cassio is not in the wrong, Iago is masterminding all of it. Othello sees Cassio talk with Desdemona and Iago comments on how that is suspicious.

The Future of P2P Technology and Music Essay -- Napster Internet Music

The Future of P2P Technology and Music Since 1999, the situation around music has been changed drastically. In that year, the novel software â€Å"Napster† was released. With this software, people became able to get any file they want easily, sometimes illegally. Some musicians and people in the entertainment industry have tried to exterminate that P2P â€Å"Peer to Peer† technology. But it looks as if their efforts are in vain. People are going to use P2P technology more and it might as well become the official way to handle music distribution. The music industry should rather take advantage of the technology than keep trying to exterminate it. Originally, Napster was a kind of file sharing software. File sharing software had been developed as database managing software. As the internet has grown so huge all over the world, a distributed database system model has been proposed as the preferring system. The file sharing P2P software has become the celebrated information tool for storage system. But now, rapid growth of broadband and the ability to be anonymous on the internet threaten the entertainment industry’s control of the distribution of such products as movie and music. We can get music or movie files with P2P software through the internet for free. The entertainment industry and many musicians regarded P2P as a big crisis for copyright, so that they sued the company that produced Napster. â€Å"Anger leads Metallica to the Internet,† an article by Karen Schubert in USA TODAY, noticed that heavy-metal band Metallica was suing Napster. And now some people in the music industry are fighting with a distributor of P2P software even in the Supreme Court, and lobbying to outlaw P2P technology. In â€Å"File sharing goes to High Court,† USA ... ...usic with portable players. They could make it is necessary to get something like a password to listen to music with that players, if music distributors were willing to cooperate with audio device industry. Of course some people would solve the password, but normal people wouldn’t if it was not so easy. The future of industry depends on whether the people involved in it can use the new technology in a smart way. It’s up to the music industry to make the right next move. Works Cited Bruno, Antony. â€Å"P2P Is Down, But Piracy Has New Outlets, Study Says.† Billboard, 9 Apr 2005. â€Å"File Sharing Goes to High Court.† USA Today, 30Mar 2005. â€Å"In Praise of P2P.† The Economist,Vol.373, Issue 8404, Special Section, p35. Schubert, Karen. â€Å"Anger Leads Metallica to the Internet.† USA Today,

Extracurricular activity

But today some universities are applying for the student participating in extracurricular activities after classes at school to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. So some study is done to show the benefits of extracurricular activities. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many colleges and universities have a broad educational mission to develop the â€Å"whole student. † On college campuses, extracurricular involvement is a key tool in this personal development. For the ajority of college and university students, involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the collegiate experience.Students become involved in extracurricular activities not only for entertainment, social, and enjoyment purposes, but most important, to gain and improve skills. Youth problem behaviors, such as truancy, violence, and substance use, are alarming to parents, teachers and youth alike. These behaviors disrupt the learning environment and lead to seri ous social and economic problems. Some experts have argued that rather than trying to prevent individual problem behaviors, parents, chools and communities should work towards building a youth's ability to resist the lure of problem behaviors (Dryfoos, 1990; Werner ; Smith, 1992).As youth develop, they need positive settings that offer the opportunity to build these important internal resources (Hawkins ; Weiss, 1985). Researchers and teachers have long suggested that extracurricular activity participation can be an important source of positive influence in the lives of youth (Holland ; Andre, 1987). This Fact Sheet will explore how youth participation in extracurricular activities can encourage positive youth development. . 2. Objective The importance of extracurricular activities on college campuses is well established.The primary goals of extracurricular activities focus on the individual student level, the institutional level, and the broader community level. These activities ex ist to complement the university's academic curriculum and to augment the student's educational experience. According to a 1993 article by Alexander Astin, almost any type of student involvement in college positively affects student learning and development. Extracurricular activities provide a setting to become involved and o interact with other students, thus leading to increased learning and enhanced development.Specifically, a student's peer group is the most important source of influence on a student's academic and personal development. By identifying with a peer group, that group may influence a student's affective and cognitive development As the development of the well-rounded individual is a principal goal of extracurricular activities on college and university campuses, the numerous experiences these activities afford positively impact students' emotional, intellectual, ocial, and inter-personal development. By working together with other individuals, students learn to neg otiate, communicate, manage conflict, and lead others.Taking part in these out-of-the-classroom activities helps students to understand the importance of critical thinking skills, time management, and academic and intellectual competence. Involvement in activities helps students mature socially by providing a setting for student interaction, relationship formation, and discussion. Working outside of the classroom with diverse groups of individuals allows for tudents to gain more self-confidence, autonomy, and appreciation for others' differences and similarities. Students also develop skills specific to their career path and imperative for future job success.Students have opportunities to improve their leadership and interpersonal skills while also increasing their self-confidence. Extracurricular involvement allows students to link academic knowledge with practical experience, thereby leading to a better understanding of their own abilities, talents, and career goals. Future employ ers seek individuals with these increased skill levels, making hese involved students more viable in the Job market. Specifically, participation in extracurricular activities and leadership roles in these activities are positively linked to attainment of one's first Job and to managerial potential.Student involvement in extracurricular activities also positively impacts educational attainment. Ernest T. Pascarella and Patrick T. Terenzini's 1991 research indicates that extracurricular involvement has a positive impact on attaining a bachelor's degree and on educational aspirations. Students who are actively engaged re more likely to have higher educational ambitions than uninvolved students. Finally, extracurricular activities focus on institutional goals, such as building and sustaining community on campus as well as student retention.As campuses become more diverse, students desire an environment in which they feel connected to others and to the university. Extracurricular activit ies provide a place for students to come together, discuss pertinent ideas and issues, and accomplish common goals. Within this community, where students feel comfortable with one another, learning and evelopment are enhanced and student retention is positively impacted. According to Vincent Tinto's 1987 research, students will be more likely to persist in college if they feel they have had rewarding encounters with a college's social and academic systems.Through extracurricular participation, students frequently interact with peers who have similar interests, providing social integration into the college environment. As a result, involved students view their college years as a positive experience and feel they are a vital part of the university, resulting in higher retention rates. 1. 3. Organization Chapter 1 of this study introduced the problem statement and described the specific problem addressed in the study as well as design components. problem addressed in this study.Chapter 3 presents the methodology and procedures used for data collection and analysis. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter will provide discussion some of the positive effects in student development based on participating in extracurricular activities. In addition, this chapter will also describe how extracurricular activities can effect personal, social and academic development in a positive manner. 2. . Introduction 2. 1 . 1. Definition: â€Å"Extracurricular activities are those that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education, performed by students† (Wikipedia).Extracurricular activities are opportunities to engage in extensions of academic activities and/or non-academic activities under school auspices. In special circumstances, for example, when there are budget or scheduling constraints, extracurricular activities may provide experiences that would otherwise be offered within the school day. (wiseGEEK. org) Extracurricular can be valuable experience. If you have a career or study interest that you can pursue outside the classroom, take advantage. Think you might be interested in medicine? Try volunteering at a local hospital.Are you destined to be a writer? Join your school's newspaper or literary magazine. These activities can help give you a strong foundation should you decide to pursue them further, academically or professionally. (The Princeton Review) 2. 1. 2. Extracurricular types: These activities are generally voluntary as opposed to mandatory, non-paying, social, philanthropic as opposed to scholastic, and often involve others of the same age. Students often organize and direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are common.There are many types of extracurricular activities: Athletics, Clubs, and Competitions†¦ 2. 2. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities: There are many schools today that provide a lot of extracurricular activit ies. Some occur before school, some after school, and a few may even take place on the weekends. While some people are a bit dubious about participating in extracurricular activities, these activities actually bring with students many benefits. Allowing tudents to get involved in extracurricular activities at school is a wise choice, and it can be very important in helping them to develop many working skills, people skills, and more.Here is a closer look at some of the benefits of extracurricular activities for students in university 1) Learning Time Management and Prioritizing Esteem One great benefit of students being involved in extracurricular activities is that need to learn how to control a variety of different tasks in school & life as well, and getting involved in these activities can give them some practice at it. 2) Getting Involved in Diverse Interests Getting involved in extracurricular activities also allows students to get involved in diverse interests. It is important for students to be very diverse in their interests.These activities allow them to explore various interests that they may have. 3) Learning About Long Term Commitments This is another excellent benefit. Students learn about long term commitments when the Join one of the activities or clubs. They commit themselves to that activity for a period of time. If they have some troubles which they must try to solve for keeping up to their end of the deal, they will learn how to overcome difficult in any ase. If not, no doubt they'll hear about it from their peers and perhaps even teachers when they give up. ) Making a Contribution Extracurricular activities allow students to make a contribution in some way. It shows that they are getting away from Just thinking about themselves and contributing to something else. They will be taught about receive ; giving. 5) Raises Self-Esteem There are many students that feel worthless or that there is nothing they are good at. Everyone wants to find some thing that they are really good at, and extracurricular activities provide them with a way that they can get involved in omething and really shine, giving their self-esteem a boost. ) Building Solid Relationship Skills Students need to get involved in social activities and learn how to appropriate act in social situations and these activities give them a chance outside of school to do this, while they are still being supervised by adults. 7) Looks Great on Jobs Applications Another benefit of Joining extracurricular activities is that it looks great on Job applications. Most employers not only look at grades, but they take a look at extracurricular activities that students are involved in while they are in university.They want to see that students are getting out there and doing more than Just book work. The activities that teens are involved in reveal a lot about them, and definitely will say something to your boss in future. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Objective: Giving benefits that extracurricular activities bring to students and teachers. Helping students and teachers understand the positive impact of the extra- curricular activities in teaching. 2. 3. Research design This study is designed to research about Benefits of Extracurricular Activities in Teaching by: *Exploratory in questions with students and interview with teacher.Explanatory and analysis reaction of students ; teacher with extracurricular activities This study is following a mixed research design between a qualitative about rate 2. 4. Data sources: Many data sources will be used in this study but main data sources is narratives, transcript of interviews and survey data. 2. 5. Data collection techniques: Narratives: we will ask some students to talk about extracurricular activities which they had. Transcript of interviews: we'll invite some teacher for interview about effective of extracurricular activities and reaction of students in their department.Interviews will e tape-recorded. Survey dat a: we'll create a survey online with yes/no questions and send to student as much as we can via social network, email, instant messenger. Google Drive will be used as a tool to create a survey online and data will be saved and summarized. A personal data sheet requested demographic data in addition to the responses to the ten survey questions. The survey instruments were distributed to the students enrolled at Department of International Relationship. The students returned the completed surveys on the internet throughout two week. 2. 6. Issues of reliability and validityInterviews will be tape-recorded. Survey online will get information as name, email of students who do the survey. Data of survey online will be accuracy rate each questions, each answer on graph by Google. We will try to get pictures as evidence for the story about extracurricular activities which are narrated. Interviewing teacher, maybe some teachers didn't organize an extracurricular activities. Survey online may be some students don't like do any survey or theyre not finish the survey, we will delete unfinished survey to get accuracy rate from Google. 2. 7. Sampling techniquesWe will use yes/no questions in questionnaire of survey online for students and open question is used to interviews teachers. 2. 8. Definitions of key terms, concepts and variables â€Å"Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service provided by Google, which enables user cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing. Google Drive is the home of Google Docs, a suite of productivity applications that offer collaborative editing on documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more†. (Wikipedia, Google Drive) â€Å"Google Forms is a tool that allows collecting information from users via a ersonalized survey or quiz.The information is then collected and automatically connected to a spreadsheet with the same name. The spreadsheet is populated with the survey and quiz responses. † (Wikipedia, Google Docs) LIST OF SOURCES – This document is using Template for a Master's proposal of vwwv. unisa. ac. za Questionnaires for take survey from students: Purpose: about reaction of student after activities, which benefits did they get? Please complete the following by ticking the appropriate box or writing a comment: 1. Does your course have any outdoor activities in studying? Yes No Don't know 3 2.Do you like those activities in course? Yes 3. How did you feel when you study in extracurricular activities? Best Normal Not Bad Bad 4 5 4. How much percent of lessons did you get from extracurricular activities? 5. Do you want to study more extracurricular activities in your course? Yes 6. Who will control in your extracurricular activities? You, the student or the teacher? Student Teacher Don't Know 7. Who will work more than other? The student or the teacher? 8. Can you compare between the way which you study indoor & outdoor? ln- class After-class 9.Do you see any preparati on of your teacher for the extracurricular activities? Is it too much things to do? Yes 10. Where are important factors to have extracurricular activities more interesting, attractive†¦? Student Collaboration Script to interviews teachers: Interviewer: Hello Teacher, I'm really thank you for spending a little time enjoy in our research. Our conversation will be tape-recorded, Are you agree with that? Teacher: † Interviewer: So can I know what your full names and where you teach? Teacher: Interviewer: Did you make any extracurricular activities for your students? *Yes 0 Interviewer:So what is it? How did you prepare for those activities? Do you think that activities help your students in study ; experience? Can you share with us about your students' reaction with your extracurricular activities? Can you compare between extracurricular activities and teaching in class? Which one more effective? 0 Interviewer: Did you think about make any extracurricular activities for your student? *Yes 0 So you thought about that but why don't you make any *No 0 So I think maybe you catch some weakness of extracurricular activities to decide not make any activities in your teaching, didn't you?

The French and Russian Revolutions: Similar? Or Different?

The French Revolution and the Russian Revolution were the same in many ways, but were also different in just as many ways. A king who believed in absolutism, just as France was before the revolution, led Russia; the kings didn't accurately represent their people, nor were they close to them; the middle class (bourgeoisie, in France, Duma, in Russia) wanted recognition; and in both cases, the royal families were executed. There were even more comparisons to the two Revolutions. Both Louis XVI and Nicholas II were absolute rulers. Neither of them wanted to be king. Louis simply wanted a quiet life where he could be tucked in and eat to his delight. He wanted nothing to do with the problems that arose in his reign. It was also his indifference to the crown that caused those problems. Tsar Nicholas also felt that way. Both kings followed their ancestors' rulings. The Bourbons and Romanovs had always ruled their country with a firm, absolute hand. Though they were relatively kind, gentle men, their people did not see it that way. They saw them as uncaring towards their countries and wanted a new monarchy – but without a monarch. They wanted a fair government. France's Revolution followed America's Revolution, their desire for a free, fair Constitution strong. The problems that arose and caused the French and Russian Revolution were many. In both cases, however, it was the starvation and the bitter winter that had taken its toll on the people. A bread riot began in both cases. In the French Revolution, the women marched to Versailles and chased after Marie Antoinette, fixed upon killing her. They then forced the royal family into the Tuilleries Palace in Paris so they could keep a good eye on them. In the Russian Revolution, the women were calmer and simply paraded down the streets on International Women's Day, merely wanting some bread to sate their hunger. Unlike in the French Revolution, soldiers were ordered to shoot at the people in the â€Å"parade. † They disobeyed and instead shot their officers and joined the â€Å"parade. † The middle-class, which had hardly existed in Russia until socialism was introduced, was also a major factor in both Revolutions. In the French Revolution, the middle-class – or bourgeoisie – was practically ignored by Louis XVI, who only gave recognition to the aristocracy. As for Tsar Nicholas, he refused to acknowledge the middle-class, whom was called the Duma. The aristocracy enjoyed their place in society and had no problems with the way things were. The Duma, on the other hand, was disgusted with the way Tsar Nicholas ruled. Their discontent, along with the poor people's, were one of the uprisings that led to the Revolution of 1917. This, too, happened in the French Revolution. The bourgeoisie planned and organized until striking at the monarch and setting up their own government. The Duma had set up what was called the Provisional Government on March 12, 1917, which â€Å"established equality before law; freedom of religion, speech, and assembly; the right of unions to organize and strike; and the rest of the classic liberal program. † The government in which the bourgeoisie had set up was identical. The Provisional Government lasted only a short time before Vladimir Lenin, an extreme socialist, overthrew it, giving this proclamation: â€Å"To the Citizens of Russia! The Provisional Government has been deposed. State power has passed into the hands of the organ of the Petrogad Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies – the Revolutionary Military Committee, which heads the Petrogad proletariat and the garrison. The cause for which the people had fought, namely, the immediate offer of a democratic peace, the abolition of landlord property-rights over the land, workers' control over production, and the establishment of Soviet power – this cause has been secured. Long live the revolution of workers, soldiers, and peasants! † Conclusively, though the French Revolution and Russian Revolution had many similarities, it also had many differences. Both Revolutions ended in both happiness and sadness. There were two sides to each of the Revolutions. To this day, many see Tsar Nicholas and Louis XVI as men that had ended in a position they were not destined for and paid with their life and their family's for that.